Busing —Not Integration— Opposed:
Invoke Our Color-Blind Constitution to End It
  
Liberate Public Schools
from Government by Lawsuit
  
Precedents / Constitutional Rights Cases:
Court Case References — by Date
  
Short Title Busing —Not Integration— Opposed discussions // entions
Liberate Public Schools discussions // mentions
  
Case Title, Citation, Date
Marbury Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803)
Busing 72
Liberate // 141
 
  Osborn v. Bank of the United States, 22 U.S. 738 (1824)
Liberate 142
 
  Luther v. Borden, 48 U.S. (7 Howard) 1 (1849)
Liberate 124 147
 
Dred Scott Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1856)
Busing 72-73
 
  State of Mississippi v. Johnson, 71 U.S. 475 (1866)
Liberate 147
 
Yick Yo Yick Yo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356 (1886)
Busing 74-75
 
Plessy Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S.537 (1896)
Busing Sum. ix 34-35 54 74 123 // xii 52 76-77
Liberate 122-123 // 48 103
 
Meyer Meyer v. State of Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390 (1923)
Busing 119 // 123
 
Pierce Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U. S. 510 (1925)
Busing // 111 117 119
 
Gong Lum Gong Lum v. Rice, 275 U.S. 78 (1927)
Busing 75
 
Olmstead Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S. 438 (1928)
Busing xii 68
Liberate 55
 
Swift United States v. Swift Co., 286 U.S. 106 (1932)
Busing // 61
 
  Chase National Bank v. Norwalk, 291 U.S. 431 (1934)
Busing // 109
 
Butler United States v. Butler, 297 U.S. 1 (1936)
Busing 78-80 128
 
Highland Farms Dairy v. Agnew, 300 U.S. 608 (1937)
Liberate 147
 
  Murray v. Pearson, 169 Md. 478, (1937)
Busing // 75
 
  Lane v. Wilson, 307 U.S. 268 (1939)
Liberate 114
 
  Bank of California v. Superior Court, 16 Cal.2d 516 (1940)
Busing // 118
 
Henderson Henderson v. United States, 314 U.S. 625 (1941)
Busing // 52 54
Liberate // 48
 
Mendez Mendez v. Westminister School District, 64 F.Supp. 544 (SD Cal.1946), aff'd 161 F.2d 774 (9th Cir. 1947)
Westminster, California
Enstrom: courtroom clerk for judge
Busing vi 51 75 123 // 54 59
 
Westminister School Dist. of Orange County v. Mendez, 161 F.2d 774 (9th Cir., 1947)
Westminster, California
Enstrom: courtroom clerk for judge
Busing 51
 
  American Fed. of Labor v. American Sash — Door Co., 335 U.S. 538 (1949)
Busing // 127
Liberate 142-143
 
Wolf Wolf v. Colorado, 338 U.S. 25 (1949)
Busing // 52
Liberate // 48
  
  McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education, 339 U.S. 637 (1950)
Busing // 76
 
   Sweatt v. Painter, 340 U.S. 846 (1950)
Busing // 76
 
Brown I Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)
Topeka, Kansas
Busing ix 18-20 76-78 100 120 // vi xiii 22 27 51-52 54 58 63-65 68-70 73 80 98 125 127-128 130
Liberate 32 104 115 126 // 44 55 82 120
 
Bolling Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497 (1954)
[consolidated into Brown II]
Washington, D.C.
Busing 77 117-118 120 122 // 71
Liberate 115-116
 
  People v. Turner, 121 Cal.App.2d Sup. 861, App. dismissed, 347 U.S. 972 (1954)
Busing // 124
 
Gebhart Gebhart v. Belton 91 A.2d 137 (1954)
[consolidated into Brown I]
New Castle County, Delaware
Busing // 98
Liberate // 44
 
Brown II Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 349 U.S. 294 (1955)
Topeka, Kansas
Busing 18-20 120 // 118
Liberate // 116
 
Browder Browder v. Gayle, 142 F.Supp. 707 (1956)
Busing 77 // 27
Liberate 149
  
Browder Gayle v. Browder, 352 U.S. 903 (1956)
Busing 77 // 27
Liberate 149
  
Dege United States v. Dege, 364 U.S. 51 (1960)
Enstrom: prosecutor
Busing 55-56
 
Dege Dege v. United States, 308 F.2d 534 (1962)
Enstrom: prosecutor
Busing 55-56
 
  Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186 (1962)
Liberate 147
 
Crawford Crawford v. Board of Education of the City of Los Angeles,
Los Angeles Superior Court No. 822,854 (1963-1981)
Los Angeles, California
Liberate 28 82 117-118 // xiii 61
 
Jackson Jackson v. Pasadena City School Dist., 59 Cal.2d 876 (1963)
Pasadena, California
Busing 81 88-89 // 52 59
Liberate 48 // xi
 
  Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545 (1965)
Busing // 108
Liberate // 92
  
Griswold Griswold v. State of Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965)
Busing // 119
 
Reitman Reitman v. Mulkey, 387 U.S. 369 (1967)
Busing 96
Liberate 39
 
Walker Walker v. City of Birmingham, 388 U.S. 307 (1967)
Busing 28
Liberate 149
 
Carlin Carlin v. Board of Education, San Diego Unified School District,
San Diego Superior Court No. 303800 (1967-1998)
[some Enstrom references are to "Groundswell" or "San Diego"]
San Diego, California
Enstrom: pro bono counsel, 1979-1998
Busing passim
Liberate passim
Handbook passim
 
Mazzetti Mazzetti v. Escondido Union High School District,
San Diego Superior Court (1968)
Escondido, California
Enstrom: attorney
Busing vi
 
Green Green v. County School Board, 391 U.S. 430 (1968)
New Kent County, Virginia
Busing ix 60-66 120-122 127-28 // 80 82 130
Liberate 32 64
 
Monroe Monroe v. Board of Comm'rs of City of Jackson, Tenn., 391 U.S. 450, 459 (1968)
Jackson, Tennessee
Busing 45 85 // 122
 
  Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham, 394 U.S. 147 (1969)
Liberate 149
 
  Smuck v. Hobson, 408 F.2d 175 (1969)
Busing // 111
 
  Bixby v. Pierno, 4 Cal.3d 130 (1971)
Liberate // 141
 
Swann Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U.S. 1, 32 (1971)
Charlotte, North Carolina
Busing ix—x 59-61 120-122 127-128 130 // 80 82 133-134
Liberate 22 32 53 144-45 // 64 120
 
Yoder Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1972)
Busing // 111 123
 
Keyes Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colo., 413 U.S. 189 (1972)
Denver, Colorado
Busing ix-x 118 120 127 131-32
 
Johnson Johnson v. San Francisco Unified School District, 500 F. 2d 349 (9th Cir. 1974)
San Francisco, California
Busing 82 85 // 111
Liberate 66
 
Milliken Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717 (1974)
Detroit, Michigan
 
  Santa Barbara Sch. Dist. v. Superior Court, 13 Cal.3d 315 (1975)
Santa Barbara, California
Liberate 144
 
Lopez Goss v. Lopez, 419 U.S. 565 (1975)
Busing 118 // 110
Liberate 90
 
Pasadena Pasadena City Bd. of Educ. v. Spangler, 427 U.S. 424 (1976)
Pasadena, California
 
Austin Austin Independent School District v. United States, 429 U.S. 990 (1976)
(AISD), Austin, Texas
Busing 20 108
 
Crawford I   Crawford v. Board of Education, 17 Cal.3d 280 (1976)
[related to Bustop — Board of Ed., etc.]
Los Angeles, California
Busing Sum. vi-vii x-xi 17-18 20-21 26-28 29-40 41-45 49-50 53 56 84 131-133 // 23 82 89-90 135
Liberate xii 21-22 25-29 31-32 117-118 144
 
  Serrano v. Priest, 18 Cal.3d 728 (1976)
Liberate 148
 
Bakke Bakke v. Regents of University of California, 18 Cal.3d 34 (1976)
Busing 113-117
 
  Taylor v. Denny, San Diego Sup. Ct., Civil No. 395894, 1977
Liberate 66
  
Bustop Bustop v. Superior Court, 69 C.A. 3d 66 (1977)
[related to Crawford]
Los Angeles, California
Busing xi 29-31 44 82 84 111 // 33 41 85 131
Liberate 22
 
Milliken Milliken v. Bradley, 433 U.S. 267 (1977)
Detroit, Michigan
 
Bakke Regents of University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978)
Busing 69 113-117 122
Liberate // 76
 
Pasadena Spangler v. Pasadena City Bd. of Ed., 611 F.2d 1239 (9th C.A., 1979)
Pasadena, California
 Liberate 60
  
  N.A.A.C.P. v. San Bernardino Unified Sch. Dist., Superior Court No. 155286 (1979)
San Bernardino, California
Enstrom: submitted amici curiae brief (denied by judge)
Busing 33-36 53 // xi 41 44 135
Liberate 123-124 140
 
Crawford II Crawford v. Board of Education, 113 Cal.App.3d 633 (1980)
Los Angeles, California
Busing 18 33
Liberate 31-32 40-42 72 75 // xiii 27
 
Board of Ed., etc. Board of Ed., etc. v. Superior Court, 448 U.S. 1343 (1980)
[related to Crawford — Bustop]
Los Angeles, California
Busing 43-45 // 126
   
Bob Jones Bob Jones University v. United States, 456 U.S. 922 (1982)
Liberate 125
 
Crawford III   Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education, 458 U.S. 527 (1982)
Los Angeles, California
Busing // 42 49-50 99
Liberate 40-42 44 57 118 // xiii 27 75 88
 
Bob Jones Bob Jones University v. United States, 461 U.S. 574 (1983)
Busing // 116
Liberate 125
 
   Los Angeles Unified School District v. Los Angeles NAACP,
on Petition for Writ to the Ninth Judicial Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals,
No. CA-81-5772 (October Term, 1984)
Los Angeles, California
Liberate vii
 
Dowell Dowell v. Okl. City Public Schools, Ind. Dist 89
(W.D.Okl. 1987), 677 F.Supp.1503 at 1525
Liberate 49-50
 
Wilks Martin v. Wilks, 109 S.Ct. 2180 (1989)
Busing 109-110 // 115 127
 
Freeman Pitts by Pitts v. Freeman, 887 F.2d 1438 (11th Cir. 1989)
DeKalb County School System (DCSS),
 DeKalb County, Georgia
 Liberate 52
  
Dowell Dowell v. Bd. of Educ. of Okl. City Public Schools, 890 F.2d 1483 (10th Cir. 1989)
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Enstrom: filed amici curiae brief
Busing 17 52-62 132-133 // v vii xi-xiii 29 63 66 68 81 101 103 111 121 134 135
Liberate 49-50
 
Dowell Board of Educ. of Oklahoma City P.Sch. v. Dowell, 111 S.Ct. 630 (1991)
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Busing 61-62
Liberate 51-52 58-60 100 // 75 88 96 103
 
Freeman Freeman v. Pitts, 503 U.S. 467, 112 S.Ct. 1430 (1992)
DeKalb County School System (DCSS),
DeKalb County, Georgia
Enstrom: filed amici curiae brief
Busing vi-vii xi-xiii 58 62-68 81 100-101 107 128 // 29 31 52-53 56 103 111 125 132-134 135
Liberate 52-56 64-65 68 96 103-104 120 // xiii 70 75 88
 
Jenkins Jenkins by Agyei v. State of Mo., 11 F.3d 755 (8th Cir. 1993)
Kansas City, Missouri
Liberate 62
 
Hopwood Hopwood v. State of Texas, 861 F.Supp. 551 (W.D.Tex.1994)
Liberate 114
 
Jenkins Missouri v. Jenkins, 515 U.S. 70, 115 S. Ct. 2033 (1995)
Kansas City, Missouri
Busing // 134
Liberate 62 67-68 70 100 // xiv 75 88
   
  Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200, 115 S.Ct. 2097 (1995)
Liberate // 112
 
Coalition Coalition for Economic Equity v. Wilson, 946 F.Supp. 1480 (N.D.Cal. 1996)
Liberate // xv
 
Hopwood Hopwood v. State of Texas, 84 F.3d 720 (5th Cir., 1996)
Liberate 114
 
Coalition to Save Our Children v. State Bd. of Educ., 90 F.3d 752 (3d Cir. 1996)
New Castle County, Delaware
 
  Shaw v. Hunt, 517 U.S. 899, 116 S.Ct. 1894 (1996)
Liberate // 113
 
   Bush v. Vera, 517 U.S. 952, 116 S.Ct. 1941 (1996)
Liberate // 113
 
Coalition Coalition for Economic Equity v. Wilson, 110 F.3d 1431 (9th Cir. 1997)
Liberate 91 // xv
 
Coalition for Economic Equity,/span>.
et al., v. Wilson, et al.,
U.S. Docket No. 97-369, 66 U.S.L.W. 3171 (1997)
Liberate // xvi
 
Coalition for Economic Equity v. Wilson, 139 L.Ed.2d 310 (Cert.Denied 1997)
Liberate 95 // xvi
 
Eisenberg Eisenberg v. Montgomery County Public Schools, 19 F.Supp.2d 449 (D.Md. 1998)
Montgomery County, Maryland
 Liberate 113
 
Carlin Board of Education v. Superior Court, 61 Cal.App.4th 411 (Feb.1998)
[conclusion of Carlin v. Board of Education]
San Diego, California
Enstrom: pro bono counsel, 1979-1998
Liberate 98-99 // xvi
  
Wessmann Wessmann by Wessmann v. Boston School Committee, 996 F.Supp. 120 (D.Mass. 1998)
Boston, Massachusetts
 Liberate 114
 
   Wessmann v. Gittens, 160 F.3d 790 (1st Cir.1998)
Boston, Massachusetts
 Liberate 114
 
   Saenz v. Roe, 119 S.Ct. 1518 (1999)
Liberate // 124
 
  Tuttle v. Arlington County School Board, 195 F.3d 698 (4th Cir. 1999)
Arlington County, Virgina
 Liberate // 113-114
 
Eisenberg Montgomery County Public Schools v. Eisenberg,
197 F.3d 123 (4th Cir. 1999). Certiorari denied 2000 U.S.Lexis 1925 (3/20/00)
Montgomery County, Maryland
 Liberate 113
 
  Williams v. State of California, Superior Court San Francisco (May 17,2000)
Liberate vii-viii
 
Belk Belk v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education,
Docket No. 99-2389, U.S. Court of Appeals, 4th Cir., 269 F.3d 305 (9/21/2001)
Charlotte, North Carolina
 

Cities (or counties) and states are shown for cases explicitly involving integration / desegregation of school districts.

If the page number is not an underlined link, the reference is to a page in an Appendix that appears in the print edition but not this online edition.
 
Referenced Rights Cases by Title
Referenced U.S. Supreme Court Justices
   
  
Enstrom Foundation
History & analysis of the 30-year Carlin affirmative action lawsuit.
  
Busing —Not Integration— Opposed: Contents
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